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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Protein cage assembly across multiple length scales.

William M Aumiller1, Masaki Uchida, Trevor Douglas

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Summary

Protein cages are versatile nanoscale platforms. This review covers their assembly, functionalization, and the creation of higher-order structures for novel collective properties in protein nanotechnology.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein cages are nanoscale platforms with diverse applications in materials science.
  • Functionalization of protein cages with various moieties imparts new properties to individual cages and their assemblies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of protein cage assembly, from subunit assembly to higher-order structures.
  • To explore methods for functionalizing protein cages and their potential for collective properties.

Main Methods:

  • Review of natural protein cage properties (size, shape, structure).
  • Discussion of protein cage assembly mechanisms and influencing factors.
  • Exploration of protein cage functionalization techniques (interior and exterior).

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of protein cage self-assembly and assembly into larger structures.
  • Comprehensive summary of current functionalization strategies for protein cages.
  • Emerging insights into higher-order assemblies of protein cages and their collective properties.

Conclusions:

  • Protein cages offer a versatile platform for nanotechnology.
  • Understanding assembly and functionalization is key to unlocking their potential.
  • Higher-order assemblies of protein cages present exciting opportunities for novel material properties.