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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos
Published on: July 7, 2014
Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress
Ilaria Bellezza1, Ileana Giambanco1, Alba Minelli1
1Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
Abstract:
Nrf2 and its endogenous inhibitor, Keap1, function as a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved intracellular defense mechanism to counteract oxidative stress. Sequestered by cytoplasmic Keap1 and targeted to proteasomal degradation in basal conditions, in case of oxidative stress Nrf2 detaches from Keap1 and translocates to the nucleus, where it heterodimerizes with one of the small Maf proteins. The heterodimers recognize the AREs, that are enhancer sequences present in the regulatory regions of Nrf2 target genes, essential for the recruitment of key factors for transcription. In the present review we briefly introduce the Nrf2-Keap1 system and describe Nrf2 functions, illustrate the Nrf2-NF-κB cross-talk, and highlight the effects of the Nrf2-Keap1 system in the physiology and pathophysiology of striated muscle tissue taking into account its role(s) in oxidative stress and reductive stress.
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