Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

48.3K
The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
48.3K
Responses to Salt Stress02:02

Responses to Salt Stress

14.7K
Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
14.7K
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

3.7K
The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para...
3.7K
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

26.7K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.7K
Genetic Screens02:46

Genetic Screens

5.8K
Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
Forward genetic screens
Forward or “classical” genetic screens involve creating random mutations in an organism’s DNA using radiation, mutagens, or insertion of additional bases, which...
5.8K
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

2.8K
Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo,...
2.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tic-Like Repetitive Ear-Popping Behavior With Objective Eustachian Tube Opening in an Adult With Tourette Syndrome.

Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry·2026
Same author

Raman Imaging-based Analysis of Drug Powder Dissolution on Calu-3 Cell Monolayers as a Mechanistic Predictor of Nasal Absorption.

Pharmaceutical research·2026
Same author

Importance of dataset design in developing robust U-Net models for label-free cell morphology evaluation.

Journal of bioscience and bioengineering·2025
Same author

Hereditary spastic paraplegia and extensive leukoencephalopathy: a case report of a unique phenotype associated with a GJB1/Cx32 p.Pro174Ser variant.

BMC neurology·2024
Same author

The Pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Changes in Saccade Performance by Low-Dose L-Dopa and Dopamine Receptor Blockers.

Brain sciences·2023
Same author

Pre-movement gating of somatosensory evoked potentials in Tourette syndrome.

Brain & development·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Lymphocyte Assay Suitable for High-throughput Screening of Small Molecules
08:43

A Fluorescence-based Lymphocyte Assay Suitable for High-throughput Screening of Small Molecules

Published on: March 10, 2017

11.0K

Fluorescence-Based High-Throughput Salt Screening.

Kazue Kimura1, Saho Onishi1, Kei Moriyama1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a rapid fluorescence-based method to screen salt formation in amine active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The technique quickly identifies optimal salt forms for new drug development.

Keywords:
Raman spectroscopyX-ray powder diffractometryfluorescence spectroscopyhigh throughput technologiessalts/salt selectionsolid phase

More Related Videos

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

10.0K
High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains
14:53

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

Published on: May 19, 2011

18.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Lymphocyte Assay Suitable for High-throughput Screening of Small Molecules
08:43

A Fluorescence-based Lymphocyte Assay Suitable for High-throughput Screening of Small Molecules

Published on: March 10, 2017

11.0K
High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

10.0K
High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains
14:53

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

Published on: May 19, 2011

18.5K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Salt formation is crucial for optimizing active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) properties.
  • Screening for optimal salt forms is a critical step in pharmaceutical development.
  • Existing methods for salt screening can be time-consuming and resource-intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-throughput fluorescence-based screening method for amine-containing API salt formation.
  • To provide a rapid and efficient tool for identifying optimal API salt forms.
  • To facilitate the drug discovery process by accelerating salt selection.

Main Methods:

  • Alkynylation of free amine APIs using propargyl bromide followed by reaction with 9-azidomethylanthracene to produce a fluorescent compound.
  • Utilizing the inertness of API salts to propargyl bromide, resulting in no fluorescence.
  • Employing 96-well microplates for derivatization and fluorescence measurement to screen salt formation with various counter acids.
  • Confirmation of salt formation using powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • The fluorescence assay successfully differentiated between free amine APIs and their salt forms.
  • Nonfluorescent samples indicated successful salt formation, while fluorescent samples indicated the free amine form.
  • The method demonstrated high throughput capability using 96-well microplates.
  • Powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the assay's findings.

Conclusions:

  • The developed fluorescence-based method is a reliable indicator for amine API salt formation.
  • This technique enables rapid evaluation of API salt forms without specialized reagents or techniques.
  • The method is valuable for the pharmaceutical industry in discovering optimal salt forms for new amine APIs.