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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
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Amino acids as signaling molecules modulating bone turnover.

Ke-Hong Ding1, Michael Cain2, Michael Davis3

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Bone
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Dietary amino acids (AAs) are crucial for bone health. Specific AAs, particularly aromatic ones, can prevent bone density loss in mice by signaling through bone cells.

Keywords:
Amino acidsNutrientsSignalingStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Dietary protein intake is often assessed by total nitrogen and calories, not amino acid (AA) composition.
  • Emerging research indicates "amino-acid sensing" occurs via intracellular and extracellular pathways.
  • Specific AAs can bind to G-protein coupled receptors, influencing cellular processes like bone turnover.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct effects of individual amino acids on bone cells.
  • To determine if AAs impact osteoprogenitor/bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and bone anabolism.
  • To evaluate the role of specific AAs in modulating bone mineral density (BMD).

Main Methods:

  • Examined individual AA effects on BMSC survival, intracellular calcium, and ERK phosphorylation in vitro.
  • Assessed the impact of a low-protein diet supplemented with specific AAs on BMD in mice.
  • Analyzed changes in osteoclastic activity in mice fed a low-protein diet.

Main Results:

  • BMSCs express nutrient-sensing pathways and require AAs for survival.
  • Aromatic AAs stimulated intracellular calcium increases and ERK phosphorylation in BMSCs.
  • A low-protein diet decreased BMD in older mice, associated with increased osteoclast activity.
  • Supplementation with aromatic AAs prevented the diet-induced drop in BMD.

Conclusions:

  • Amino acids act as specific signaling molecules in bone cells.
  • Aromatic AAs play a protective role in maintaining bone mineral density.
  • Dietary AA composition is critical for bone health, beyond total protein intake.