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Related Concept Videos

Isotopes01:12

Isotopes

65.0K
Elements have a set number of protons that determines their atomic number (Z). For example, all atoms with eight protons are oxygen; however, the number of neutrons can vary for atoms of the same element. The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have multiple isotopes, for example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
An element's atomic mass, or weight,...
65.0K
Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes02:31

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
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Light as Energy01:35

Light as Energy

96.4K
The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light— typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
Photons
A photon is a discrete electromagnetic particle or bundle of energy. Photons are characterized by their frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, similar to the properties of a wave. Waves with higher frequencies transmit more energy and have shorter wavelengths than longer wavelengths that transmit...
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The Wave Nature of Light02:12

The Wave Nature of Light

61.7K
The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

44.1K
Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
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Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

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A light carbon isotope composition for the Sun.

James R Lyons1, Ehsan Gharib-Nezhad2, Thomas R Ayres3

  • 1School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, 781 S. Terrace Rd, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA. jimlyons@asu.edu.

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Solar wind oxygen isotopes are depleted. New analysis of photospheric carbon monoxide reveals significant 13C enrichment in planets, suggesting a unique formation history for the solar system.

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Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids BPCA
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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Area of Science:

  • * Astrophysics and planetary science.
  • * Isotope geochemistry and solar system evolution.

Background:

  • * Genesis mission data indicates solar wind oxygen is depleted in 17O and 18O isotopes compared to Earth's oceans.
  • * Previous astronomical measurements of oxygen isotope ratios in the solar photosphere have shown significant variability.
  • * Understanding solar system isotopic composition is crucial for deciphering planetary formation and evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To reanalyze high-temperature rovibrational transitions in photospheric carbon monoxide (CO) using ATMOS FTS data.
  • * To determine precise oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in the solar photosphere.
  • * To investigate the implications for the origin of terrestrial planet carbon reservoirs.

Main Methods:

  • * Reanalysis of line strengths for high-temperature rovibrational transitions in photospheric CO from ATMOS FTS data.
  • * Spectroscopic analysis of CO absorption lines to determine isotopic abundances.
  • * Calculation of isotope ratios (δ18O and δ13C) with associated uncertainties.

Main Results:

  • * An 18O depletion of δ18O = -50 ± 11‰ was determined for the solar photosphere.
  • * A carbon isotope ratio of δ13C = -48 ± 7‰ was found for the photosphere.
  • * These results refine previous measurements and provide new constraints on solar system composition.

Conclusions:

  • * The solar photosphere exhibits a significant depletion in 18O, consistent with some previous findings but with improved precision.
  • * The measured enrichment in 13C suggests that terrestrial planets may have inherited carbon from reservoirs distinct from the bulk solar system material.
  • * Mechanisms like CO self-shielding or inheritance from the parent molecular cloud could explain the observed carbon isotope anomalies.