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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
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Spin-controlled atom-ion chemistry.

Tomas Sikorsky1, Ziv Meir2, Ruti Ben-Shlomi2

  • 1Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel. tomas.sikorsky@weizmann.ac.il.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultracold atom-ion mixtures enable quantum control of chemical reactions. Spin polarization of rubidium atoms controls spin-exchange and charge-exchange reactions with strontium ions.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Atomic Physics
  • Molecular Physics

Background:

  • Quantum control of chemical reactions is crucial.
  • Ultracold reactions utilize specific quantum states for control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Demonstrate spin-controlled inelastic and chemical reactions in ultracold Rb-Sr+ mixture.
  • Investigate the influence of atomic spin states on reaction dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ultracold rubidium atoms and strontium ions.
  • Employed spin-exchange collisions to control ion spin polarization.
  • Analyzed charge-exchange reactions based on molecular spin manifolds.

Main Results:

  • Achieved ~90% spin polarization of the ion via atomic spin state.
  • Observed that charge-exchange reactions are restricted to the singlet molecular state.
  • Demonstrated that initial atomic spin states influence reaction rates.

Conclusions:

  • Spin polarization via ultracold collisions provides effective quantum control.
  • Reaction pathways are sensitive to the initial quantum states of colliding particles.
  • Experimental results align with theoretical predictions for ultracold reactions.