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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

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The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Determination of UV filters in high ionic strength sample solutions using matrix-compatible coatings for solid-phase

Jiwoo An1, Jared L Anderson1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA.

Talanta
|March 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) sorbent offers superior stability and reusability for determining UV filters in high-salt water samples using direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled with HPLC analysis.

Keywords:
Double-confined polymerHigh performance liquid chromatographyPolymeric ionic liquidsSolid-phase microextractionUltraviolet filters

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate determination of UV filters in complex environmental matrices like high-salt water is challenging.
  • Existing solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sorbents often lack the durability required for repeated use in harsh conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly stable and reusable sorbent coating for the extraction of UV filters.
  • To evaluate the performance of the developed sorbent in high-salt water samples using DI-SPME-HPLC.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a double-confined polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) sorbent coating via co-polymerization of specific IL monomers and crosslinkers.
  • Optimization of extraction and desorption parameters for DI-SPME.
  • Coupling of DI-SPME with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for quantitative analysis of nine UV filters.

Main Results:

  • The styrenesulfonate anion-based PIL fiber demonstrated exceptional stability, allowing up to 120 extractions in 25% NaCl solution without performance degradation.
  • High analytical performance was achieved, with coefficients of determination (R²) from 0.995 to 0.999 and low limits of detection (LODs) from 0.1 to 5 µg/L.
  • The PIL fiber significantly outperformed chloride anion-based PIL and commercial PDMS/DVB fibers in terms of durability and reusability in high-salt matrices.

Conclusions:

  • The developed double-confined PIL sorbent coating offers a robust and efficient solution for analyzing UV filters in challenging high-salt water samples.
  • This advanced material provides superior longevity and reproducibility compared to conventional SPME fibers, making it suitable for routine environmental monitoring.