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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior
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Prosocial Behavior and Depression: a Case for Developmental Gender Differences.

Gabriela Alarcón1, Erika E Forbes1,2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Loeffler 319, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports
|March 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adolescent girls may face higher depression risks due to prosocial behavior patterns. Increased other-oriented prosociality in girls, emphasizing others

Keywords:
AdolescenceBehavioral economic theoryDepressionGenderProsocial behaviorfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Prosocial behavior and depression are linked, increasing in adolescence with gender-specific effects.
  • Behavioral economic paradigms are used to measure prosociality.
  • Adolescence is a critical period for the development of both depression and prosocial behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on the association between depressive symptoms and prosociality across development.
  • To propose a theoretical model explaining why adolescent girls may be at higher risk for depression than boys.
  • To examine gender-specific effects on the relationship between prosocial behavior and depression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies examining prosocial behavior and depressive symptoms.
  • Analysis of data from behavioral economic paradigms measuring prosociality.
  • Theoretical modeling to explain gender differences in depression risk.

Main Results:

  • Prosocial behavior is reduced in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) but may be increased in adolescents with MDD.
  • In non-clinical adolescents, self-reported prosocial behavior is negatively associated with depressive symptoms.
  • A potential shift in the prosocial behavior-depression relationship from non-clinical to clinical ranges is suggested.

Conclusions:

  • Gender differences in the developmental and clinical shifts of prosocial behavior and depression remain understudied.
  • Girls may have a heightened risk for depression due to greater social-evaluative concern and other-oriented prosocial motivation.
  • This increased prosociality, emphasizing others' needs over the self, may lead to greater personal burden and enable depressive symptoms in adolescent girls.