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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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Gene expression in retinal ischemic post-conditioning.

Konrad Kadzielawa1, Biji Mathew1, Clara R Stelman1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Graefe'S Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie
|March 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ischemic post-conditioning (Post-C) triggers complex molecular signaling in the retina, altering key pathways like apoptosis and cell cycle. This study identifies potential gene targets for treating retinal ischemia.

Keywords:
IschemiaPost-conditioningRNA-SeqRetina

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Retinal ischemia involves inflammation and apoptosis.
  • Ischemic post-conditioning (Post-C) confers ischemic tolerance but its retinal mechanisms are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate molecular events in retinal ischemic post-conditioning.
  • To identify therapeutic targets for retinal ischemia.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on rat retinas.
  • In vivo induction of retinal ischemia followed by Post-C or sham Post-C.

Main Results:

  • Significant alterations in 71 pathways for Post-C/ischemic vs. normal, and 43 for sham Post-C/ischemic vs. normal.
  • 28 pathways were unique to Post-C and ischemia.
  • Key pathways like apoptosis, p53, cell cycle, JAK-STAT, HIF-1, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt showed significant differences.

Conclusions:

  • Post-C involves complex molecular signaling with numerous altered pathways.
  • Potential gene candidates were identified in Post-C.
  • Further study of these factors may lead to new treatments for retinal ischemic disorders.