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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

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Eyes in pituitary disorders.

Y Chen1, Z H Liu1, Z H Lin1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin province, China.

Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents
|March 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Early eye evaluations can diagnose endocrine disorders, especially pituitary lesions, preventing permanent vision loss. Prompt intervention by multiple specialists is crucial for effective treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • The eyes reflect overall health, with specific signs linked to endocrine disorders like thyro-toxicosis.
  • Endocrine disorders, particularly pituitary mass lesions, can manifest subtle eye changes before hormonal or visual symptoms appear.

Discussion:

  • Ophthalmological examination is crucial for early detection of endocrine dysfunctions, especially central nervous system lesions.
  • Pituitary mass lesions often present with hormonal imbalances rather than overt visual deficits, underscoring the need for thorough eye assessments.

Key Insights:

  • Eye signs are critical indicators for diagnosing various endocrine disorders, including those affecting the pituitary gland.
  • Early identification of ocular manifestations in pituitary disorders can prevent irreversible visual impairment.

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Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells
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Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

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Outlook:

  • Interdisciplinary collaboration among ophthalmologists, endocrinologists, neuro-radiologists, and neurosurgeons is essential for timely diagnosis and management.
  • Further research into uncommon ocular-pituitary syndromes can enhance diagnostic capabilities and patient outcomes.