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Related Concept Videos

Expressing Solution Concentration02:48

Expressing Solution Concentration

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A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
Concentrations may be quantitatively assessed using a wide variety of measurement units, each convenient for particular applications. Molarity (M) is a useful concentration unit for many applications in chemistry.
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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
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Zirconium tetrachloride revisited.

Rosendo Borjas Nevarez1, Samundeeswari Mariappan Balasekaran1, Eunja Kim2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA.

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry
|March 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new crystallographic analysis of zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) prepared from zirconium metal. The research reveals its orthorhombic crystal structure and chain motif, differing from previous findings and showing no phase transitions between 100-300 K.

Keywords:
chain motifcrystal structuretemperature studyzirconium tetrachloride

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) is a strategic material with diverse applications.
  • Previous crystallographic data for ZrCl4 is over 40 years old and used a different preparation method.
  • There was a lack of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) studies on ZrCl4 prepared from Zr metal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) from the reaction of Zr metal and Cl2 gas.
  • To investigate the crystal structure of ZrCl4 at various temperatures (100–300 K) using SCXRD.
  • To compare the obtained structural data with previous reports.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of ZrCl4 via the reaction of Zr metal with Cl2 gas in a sealed tube.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis.
  • Variable-temperature structural investigation from 100 K to 300 K.

Main Results:

  • At 300 K, ZrCl4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca21 with specific lattice parameters.
  • The structure consists of infinite zigzag chains of edge-sharing ZrCl6 octahedra.
  • Structural parameters and space group differ from the previously reported study; no phase transformation was observed in the 100–300 K range.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides updated crystallographic information for ZrCl4 prepared from Zr metal.
  • The findings highlight differences in structural parameters and space group compared to historical data.
  • ZrCl4 exhibits temperature-independent structural features within the investigated range (100–300 K).