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Related Concept Videos

Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
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Ideal Solutions02:24

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Solution Formation02:16

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
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Enthalpy of Solution

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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Standard Solutions01:14

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Standard solutions refer to solutions with a precisely known concentration or composition. A primary standard is a highly pure, high molar mass, stable substance that is entirely soluble in water, the most commonly used solvent in analytical chemistry. The primary standard solution can be used to standardize secondary standards, which are substances with known concentrations but are less pure and stable. Standard solutions are essential for achieving accurate and reliable results in analytical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

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Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions.

C P West1,2, L N Dyrbye1, T D Shanafelt3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Journal of Internal Medicine
|March 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physician burnout is a widespread public health crisis affecting over 50% of doctors, impacting patient care and healthcare systems. Addressing physician burnout requires a shared responsibility between healthcare organizations and individual physicians.

Keywords:
burnouthealthcare deliveryphysician healthphysician impairmentprofessionalwell-being

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Science
  • Public Health
  • Healthcare Management

Background:

  • Physician burnout, characterized by exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced accomplishment, is a global issue.
  • Burnout rates exceed 50% in both trainees and practicing physicians, negatively impacting patient outcomes, workforce stability, and healthcare costs.
  • This syndrome constitutes a public health crisis with far-reaching consequences for physicians, patients, and healthcare systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence, drivers, and effective solutions for physician burnout.
  • To highlight the systemic and individual factors contributing to physician burnout.
  • To emphasize the need for collaborative efforts in addressing this widespread issue.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on physician burnout.
  • Analysis of organizational and individual-level drivers of burnout.
  • Evaluation of evidence-based interventions for burnout mitigation.

Main Results:

  • Key drivers include excessive workloads, inefficient processes, administrative burdens, work-home conflict, and lack of physician autonomy.
  • Organizational interventions (e.g., practice modifications, support) and individual strategies (e.g., mindfulness, community programs) show effectiveness.
  • Burnout is more prevalent in female and younger physicians.

Conclusions:

  • Physician burnout is a complex issue requiring a multifaceted approach, viewing it as a shared responsibility.
  • Effective solutions must target both systemic/organizational factors and individual physician well-being.
  • Further research, including longitudinal studies and combined interventions, is needed to fully combat physician burnout.