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Cell size does not determine chemotaxis sensing strategy. Instead, cell speed, protein diffusivity, and signaling system parameters dictate whether cells use spatial or temporal sensing, with temporal sensing being more noise-robust.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Chemotaxis, the directed movement of cells in response to chemical gradients, is crucial for many biological processes.
  • Cell size was previously hypothesized to dictate the sensing mechanism (spatial vs. temporal) in chemotaxis.
  • Existing observations contradict the cell size hypothesis, indicating a need for alternative explanations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the key factors governing the choice between spatial and temporal sensing in chemotaxis.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms through mathematical modeling of cellular signaling circuits.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling of one-dimensional circular cells with diffusible proteins (activator, inactivator, output).
  • Computational search of three-node signaling circuits, including negative integral feedback (NIF) and incoherent feedforward (IFF) circuits.
  • Simulation of cell movement across a chemical gradient to analyze sensing outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Cell size is not the primary determinant of spatial versus temporal sensing.
  • Key parameters identified: ratio of cell speed to signaling rate-diameter product, output protein diffusivity, and activator-to-inactivator diffusivity ratio.
  • Spatial sensing is favored by low values of these parameters, indicating slower cells, polarizable output, and local excitation/global inhibition.
  • Temporal sensing is favored when these parameters are high.
  • Temporal sensing demonstrates greater robustness to biological noise.

Conclusions:

  • The choice between spatial and temporal sensing in chemotaxis is governed by a combination of physical and biochemical parameters, not solely cell size.
  • The identified parameters provide a predictive framework for sensing strategies across diverse cell types.
  • Findings align with observations in various organisms, from bacteria to human cells, suggesting universal applicability.