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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...

Response Surface Methodology

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Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques used to develop, improve, and optimize processes. It is particularly valuable when many input variables or factors potentially influence a response variable.
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How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. Data are the actual values of variables. They may be numbers, or they may be words. Datum is a single value.
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Description
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Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

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An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:

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Related Experiment Video

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Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

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Published on: June 1, 2015

Advanced Endoscopic Navigation: Surgical Big Data, Methodology, and Applications.

Xiongbiao Luo¹, Kensaku Mori², Terry M Peters³

¹Department of Computer Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Computing and Sensing for Smart City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

|March 6, 2018

Summary

Advanced endoscopic navigation systems integrate big data and multimodal imaging for improved minimally invasive surgery. This review explores techniques and future directions for context-aware navigated endoscopy.

Keywords:

3D printing artificial intelligence augmented reality big data deep learning endoscopic vision endoscopy image registration image-guided intervention surgical navigation surgical robotics

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Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Surgical Technology
Data Science

Background:

Interventional endoscopy is crucial for diagnosing lesions and guiding minimally invasive surgery.
Current endoscopic navigation systems aim to integrate diverse data for enhanced surgical guidance.
Developing context-aware navigated endoscopy remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of endoscopic navigation techniques.
To explore the integration of big data and multimodal information in endoscopic navigation.
To discuss clinical applications and future directions in navigated endoscopy.

Main Methods:

Review of big data and multimodal information sources (CT, MRI, ultrasound, video).
Analysis of various methodologies for endoscopic navigation.
Examination of clinical applications across different endoscopic procedures.

Main Results:

Big data and multimodal information are key components of advanced endoscopic navigation.
Diverse methodologies exist for controlling endoscopes and guiding surgeons.
Endoscopic navigation is applied in various clinical procedures, with ongoing development.

Conclusions:

Context-aware navigated endoscopy requires sophisticated integration of data and techniques.
Future advancements lie in novel techniques and promising directions for endoscopic navigation.
Continued research is essential for realizing the next generation of navigated endoscopy.