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Dispersal: a matter of scale.

Elise R Morton1, Michael J McGrady2, Ian Newton3

  • 1Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.

Ecology
|March 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Population density influences bird dispersal, but results vary by study scale. This study on Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) found density impacts dispersal distance only when examining broader geographic areas, not local ones.

Keywords:
Peregrine Falcondensity-dependent dispersal hypothesisdispersal distancenatal dispersalraptorspatial scale

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Ornithology
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Population density is often hypothesized to influence dispersal distances due to competition and aggression.
  • Previous studies on density-dependent dispersal in long-lived vertebrates have produced inconsistent findings.
  • Dispersal study conclusions can be sensitive to the spatial and temporal scales of analysis, yet multi-scale research is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of population density on natal dispersal distances in a non-migratory Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) population.
  • To examine these relationships across multiple spatial and temporal scales.
  • To assess potential scale-dependency in the density-dispersal relationship.

Main Methods:

  • Long-term study of Peregrine Falcons in the British Isles (1964-2016).
  • Analysis of natal dispersal distances using ringed nestlings with subsequent recaptures or recoveries.
  • Three distinct spatial scales were examined: a limited local area, a broader regional area, and the entire British Isles.

Main Results:

  • Females consistently dispersed farther than males across all examined scales.
  • A clear relationship between population density and dispersal distance was not found at the smallest study scale.
  • A negative relationship between population density and dispersal distance emerged when analyzing data across the entire British Isles, indicating scale-dependent effects.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between population density and dispersal distance in Peregrine Falcons is strongly dependent on the spatial scale of analysis.
  • Findings suggest that localized studies may not capture the full impact of density on dispersal, while broader analyses reveal significant patterns.
  • Emphasizes the critical importance of considering both spatial and temporal scales when interpreting density-dependent dispersal hypotheses in long-lived species.