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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

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Ophthalmic Changes Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity.

I A Makarov, Y I Voronkov, M G Aslanjan

    Fiziologiia Cheloveka
    |March 7, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Long-term spaceflight causes vision problems like hyperopic shifts and optic nerve swelling due to fluid shifts. These ophthalmic changes are linked to microgravity effects on the body.

    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Space Medicine
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Spaceflight exposes astronauts to microgravity, a unique physiological stressor.
    • Long-duration missions exacerbate the effects of microgravity on the human body.
    • Ophthalmic changes have been increasingly reported in astronauts post-flight.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent publications on ophthalmic changes associated with long-term microgravity exposure.
    • To identify the specific vision impairments and their underlying causes.
    • To discuss contributing factors to microgravity-induced vision impairment.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of recent publications.
    • Analysis of reported ophthalmic changes in astronauts.

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  • Discussion of physiological mechanisms and contributing factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Observed changes include hyperopic shift, altered intraocular pressure, and increased intracranial pressure.
    • Tissue changes in the choroid and retina, along with optic nerve swelling, are noted.
    • Fluid and blood redistribution to the upper body is a primary cause, leading to congestion.

    Conclusions:

    • Microgravity significantly impacts ocular health, leading to various vision impairments.
    • Understanding these effects is crucial for astronaut health and future space exploration.
    • Further research is needed to mitigate these long-term ophthalmic consequences.