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Related Concept Videos

Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase01:25

Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase

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So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules. These molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway, and sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment and produce a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH molecules.
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
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Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
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Phase Changes01:19

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
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It Pays To Be in Phase.

Alan K Itakura, Raymond A Futia, Daniel F Jarosz

    Biochemistry
    |March 7, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Life uses biomolecular phase separation to organize cellular processes in time and space. This review explores the biophysical principles and diverse biological roles of these dynamic compartments, focusing on regulatory proteins.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Biophysics
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Organisms require spatiotemporal organization of biochemical processes for survival.
    • Biomolecules, particularly regulatory proteins with intrinsically disordered domains, can self-organize via phase separation.
    • The biological significance and functions of many phase-separated compartments remain largely undetermined.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review foundational work on the biophysical underpinnings of biomolecular phase separation.
    • To survey recent research investigating the diverse biological roles of phase separation.
    • To highlight the interplay between targeted biochemical perturbations and quantitative modeling in understanding these processes.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on phase separation in biology and polymer physics.
    • Discussion of studies employing targeted biochemical perturbations.
    • Integration of quantitative modeling approaches to analyze phase separation dynamics.

    Main Results:

    • Phase separation is a ubiquitous mechanism for organizing cellular biochemistry, especially involving regulatory proteins.
    • The formation and stability of these compartments are governed by complex biophysical principles.
    • Many phase-separated assemblies comprise multiple proteins, adding complexity to their function.

    Conclusions:

    • Biomolecular phase separation is a critical biological organizing principle with diverse, yet to be fully elucidated, functions.
    • Understanding these compartments requires integrating cell biology, polymer physics, and quantitative modeling.
    • Further research combining experimental perturbations and modeling is crucial to define the specific roles of phase separation in biological regulation.