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Related Concept Videos

Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

7.8K
A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

2.9K
Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Measuring Peptide Translocation into Large Unilamellar Vesicles
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Translocator protein and steroidogenesis.

Barbara Costa1, Eleonora Da Pozzo1, Claudia Martini2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56127 Pisa, Italy.

The Biochemical Journal
|March 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Translocator protein (TSPO) plays a crucial role in steroidogenesis, despite ongoing scientific debate. Recent studies using genetic manipulation provide further evidence supporting TSPO

Keywords:
TSPOgene silencingsteroidogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The role of translocator protein (TSPO) in steroidogenesis has been investigated for decades.
  • Recent studies present conflicting results regarding TSPO's involvement in steroid production, particularly using genetic manipulation techniques.
  • TSPO's function in steroid biosynthesis remains a subject of intense scientific discussion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of translocator protein (TSPO) in steroidogenesis.
  • To contribute to the ongoing debate on TSPO's function in steroid production.
  • To provide further evidence on TSPO's significance as a regulator of steroidogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo genetic manipulation to delete TSPO.
  • Biochemical and pharmacological experimental approaches.
  • Analysis of steroidogenic abnormalities in TSPO knockout models.

Main Results:

  • Conflicting results exist regarding TSPO's role in steroidogenesis based on genetic studies.
  • Some studies suggest TSPO is essential for steroid production, especially under hormonal stimulation.
  • New publications offer more precise data supporting TSPO's regulatory function in steroidogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Translocator protein (TSPO) is a significant regulator of steroidogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate TSPO's precise mechanisms in steroid production.
  • TSPO's role is particularly evident during hormonal stimulation and in aging males.