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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

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In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Ultrasound Cyclo Plasty in Eyes with Glaucoma
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[Structural endpoints for glaucoma studies].

A Popa-Cherechenau1,2,3, D Schmidl1, G Garhöfer1

  • 1Universitätsklinik für Klinische Pharmakologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich.

Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft
|March 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural endpoints are not yet sufficient for approving glaucoma neuroprotective drugs. Patient-relevant visual field data remains essential for phase 3 studies, though structural measures aid earlier research.

Keywords:
Approval studiesNeuroprotective substancesOptical coherence tomogaphyRetinal imagingSurrogate endpoints

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Structural endpoints are considered for neuroprotective drug approval in glaucoma.
  • The efficacy of these endpoints as surrogates requires robust evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate if current evidence supports structural endpoints as surrogates for glaucoma drug approval.
  • To determine the strength of the relationship between structural and functional loss in glaucoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the current understanding of structure-function relationships in glaucoma.
  • Analysis of data from optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging.

Main Results:

  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has advanced glaucoma imaging, measuring nerve fiber and ganglion cell layer thickness.
  • A strong correlation exists between microscopic structural and functional loss, but clinical methods only partially capture this, especially longitudinally.
  • Novel imaging techniques may improve understanding but need further research.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence is insufficient to establish structural endpoints as surrogates for phase 3 glaucoma drug trials.
  • Neuroprotective drugs must be approved based on visual field data, the patient-relevant endpoint.
  • Structural endpoints are valuable for phase 2 and proof-of-concept studies.