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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

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Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
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Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

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Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

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Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
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Redefining biomarkers in heart failure.

Michele Correale1, Ilenia Monaco2, Natale Daniele Brunetti2

  • 1Cardiology Department, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy. opsfco@tin.it.

Heart Failure Reviews
|March 8, 2018
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Summary

Biomarkers for heart failure (HF) need reevaluation. Their significance varies with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), requiring a clinical context-based approach for accurate interpretation in HF management.

Keywords:
BiomarkersHeart failurePhysiopathologyPreserved ejection fraction

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomarker Research
  • Heart Failure Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) arises from diverse cardiac and non-cardiac conditions, presenting as a complex clinical syndrome.
  • Current biomarker interpretation in HF may be oversimplified, lacking consideration for patient-specific factors like ejection fraction (EF).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically re-evaluate the utility and interpretation of biomarkers in heart failure (HF).
  • To explore how different clinical characteristics, including preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), influence biomarker significance.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on cardiac and non-cardiac biomarkers in heart failure.
  • Analysis of biomarker roles in relation to distinct clinical manifestations and patient phenotypes of HF.

Main Results:

  • Biomarker interpretation in HF is highly dependent on the underlying clinical context and patient characteristics.
  • The significance of a given biomarker can differ substantially between patients with preserved ejection fraction (pEF) and reduced ejection fraction (rEF).

Conclusions:

  • A nuanced, clinically-informed approach is essential for interpreting biomarkers in heart failure (HF).
  • Future research should focus on context-specific biomarker panels and interpretation strategies tailored to HF phenotypes.