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What are Viruses?

What are Viruses?

Electrical Current

Electrical Current

Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).

Current Density

Current Density

The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...

Eddy Currents

Eddy Currents

Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...

Displacement Current

Displacement Current

Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.

Charge and Current

Charge and Current

Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
Charge is an inherent property of the atomic particles that make up matter and is measured in units called coulombs (C). Matter is composed of atoms, each consisting of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge (-e), while protons...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Published on: June 7, 2017

Zika virus: Current concerns in India.

Sumit Bhardwaj¹, Mangesh D Gokhale², Devendra T Mourya³

¹Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India.

The Indian Journal of Medical Research

|March 8, 2018

Summary

Zika virus (ZIKV) shows low prevalence in India, with only four cases detected despite widespread screening. Indian mosquito strains may have lower susceptibility to ZIKV, impacting transmission cycles.

Keywords:

Aedes- chikungunya virus - mosquito - vector - Zika virus

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Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Published on: June 7, 2017

Zika Virus Specific Diagnostic Epitope Discovery

Zika Virus Specific Diagnostic Epitope Discovery

Published on: December 12, 2017

High-throughput Antiviral Assays to Screen for Inhibitors of Zika Virus Replication

High-throughput Antiviral Assays to Screen for Inhibitors of Zika Virus Replication

Published on: October 30, 2021

Area of Science:

Virology and Public Health
Medical Entomology

Background:

Zika virus (ZIKV) has been confirmed in India, raising public health concerns.
Previous chikungunya virus studies provide a potential model for understanding ZIKV dynamics.
Limited data exists on ZIKV prevalence and transmission in the Indian subcontinent.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the current situation of ZIKV in India.
To explore potential reasons for the observed low prevalence of ZIKV.
To hypothesize about future ZIKV public health implications in India.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature and data on ZIKV and chikungunya virus.
Analysis of screening results from febrile illness samples in India.
Hypothetical modeling based on vector-virus relationships and susceptibility.

Main Results:

Screening of numerous febrile illness samples identified only four positive ZIKV cases.
The low positivity rate suggests a limited mosquito-human-mosquito transmission cycle.
Detected cases indicate local ZIKV transmission, potentially present in India for an extended period.

Conclusions:

Indian mosquito strains might possess a lower susceptibility threshold for ZIKV.
Further investigation into potential animal reservoirs and sylvatic cycles is warranted.
ZIKV could emerge as a significant future public health concern in India, similar to chikungunya.