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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
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Drug control governance involves the oversight and regulation of pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy while preventing illegal drug use and trafficking. Regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA), play a central role in this process. These agencies evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed. They fund clinical trials and assess the benefits and risks associated with...
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Including all voices in international data-sharing governance.

Jane Kaye1,2, Sharon F Terry3, Eric Juengst4

  • 1Centre for Health Law and Emerging Technologies, NDPH, University of Oxford, Ewert House, Ewert Place, Summertown, Oxford, OX2 7DD, UK. jane.kaye@law.ox.ac.uk.

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To improve biomedical research, we need more inclusive data-sharing governance. This involves public consultations and digital tools to ensure transparency and accountability for all data providers.

Keywords:
Data sharingDigital technologiesGovernanceInclusionInternational researchPublic engagement

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Research
  • Data Governance
  • Health Informatics

Background:

  • Governments and institutions promote data sharing for research advancement, aiming to maximize return on investment, reduce waste, and enhance transparency.
  • Data-sharing practices are becoming standard worldwide, impacting various research fields and necessitating robust governance frameworks.
  • Current governance systems for biomedical research are often nationally based and ill-equipped for international data sharing complexities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the limitations of existing governance frameworks in international biomedical data sharing.
  • To advocate for more inclusive and representative governance structures that incorporate all data providers.
  • To propose strategies for enhancing transparency, accountability, and accessibility in data sharing.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of current governance frameworks for biomedical research data sharing.
  • Identification of inequalities perpetuated by existing systems, particularly for low- and middle-income countries and underrepresented data providers.
  • Development of recommendations for improved governance, emphasizing public consultation and digital technologies.

Main Results:

  • Existing governance frameworks are inadequate for the complexities of international data sharing.
  • Current systems can perpetuate inequalities by obscuring contributions from diverse data providers.
  • There is a moral imperative to include data providers in decision-making processes.

Conclusions:

  • Recommend enhancing science governance through public consultations on data access and use.
  • Advocate for the inclusion of all data providers in decision-making regarding data sharing.
  • Promote the use of digital technologies to improve accessibility, transparency, and accountability in research data sharing.