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Temperature and competition interact to structure Himalayan bird communities.

Umesh Srinivasan1, Paul R Elsen2,3, Morgan W Tingley4

  • 1Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA umesh.srinivasan@gmail.com.

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Species range limits are shaped by temperature and competition. In the Himalayas, temperature constrains birds more in the east, while competition intensifies in winter, influencing species coexistence.

Keywords:
body masselevational distributionsrange limitsseasonalityspecies richness

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Biogeography
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Traditional ecological theory posits that competition limits species ranges in stable climates and temperature in seasonal ones.
  • Recent theories suggest species evolve narrow thermal tolerances in stable climates, making temperature a key limiting factor.
  • Understanding the interplay of abiotic and biotic factors is crucial for predicting species distributions and community structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how temperature (abiotic) and competition (biotic) factors determine bird range limits and community composition in the Himalayas.
  • To test opposing gradients of temperature seasonality and species richness across two distinct Himalayan regions.
  • To assess the role of seasonal migration in maintaining thermal niches and how it influences interspecific competition.

Main Methods:

  • Examined bird communities along strong, opposing temperature-seasonality and species-richness gradients in two geographically separated Himalayan regions.
  • Analyzed seasonal elevational migration patterns to understand the conservation of year-round thermal niches.
  • Quantified the strength of competition between congeneric species, particularly during the resource-scarce winter period.

Main Results:

  • Bird species in the aseasonal, species-rich eastern Himalayas showed greater temperature constraints than those in the highly seasonal west.
  • Seasonal climate strongly influences interspecific competition, with competition being more intense in winter across both regions.
  • Congeneric species of similar size in the east exhibited greater segregation in thermal niche space during winter.

Conclusions:

  • Abiotic (temperature) and biotic (competition) factors interact dynamically to structure ecological communities, rather than acting independently.
  • Temperature seasonality plays a critical role in mediating the strength and impact of interspecific competition on species distributions.
  • Understanding these complex interactions is essential for predicting biodiversity patterns under changing environmental conditions.