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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
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An important characteristic of any set of data is the variation in the data. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean. The most common measure of variation, or spread, is the standard deviation, which is the square root of variance.
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Related Experiment Video

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Collection and Long-Term Maintenance of Leaf-Cutting Ants Atta in Laboratory Conditions
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Adaptive phenotypic variation among clonal ant workers.

Eisuke Hasegawa1, Saori Watanabe1, Yuuka Murakami2

  • 1Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.

Royal Society Open Science
|March 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phenotypic variations exist even in genetically identical ants. Epigenetic modifications after adult emergence in clonal workers of the parthenogenetic ant Strumigenys membranifera cause these variations.

Keywords:
clonal reproductionepigeneticsphenotypic variationsresponse threshold variance

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Area of Science:

  • Social insect behavior
  • Genetics and epigenetics
  • Asexual reproduction

Background:

  • Phenotypic variations are common in organisms but their adaptive significance in social insects is crucial.
  • Social insects exhibit genetically based response threshold variances for task allocation and colony sustainability.
  • Parthenogenetic ants reproduce asexually, producing clonal workers, raising questions about phenotypic variation in genetically equivalent individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether genetically equivalent clonal workers of the parthenogenetic ant Strumigenys membranifera exhibit phenotypic variations.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms responsible for observed phenotypic variations in asexual ants.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multi-locus genetic markers to confirm colony members as genetic clones.
  • Assessed sucrose response thresholds in clonal workers.
  • Monitored changes in response thresholds over time to generate mechanistic hypotheses.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed that colony members of Strumigenys membranifera are genetic clones.
  • Demonstrated significant variations in sucrose response thresholds among these clonal workers.
  • Observed changing patterns in thresholds over time, suggesting a dynamic process.

Conclusions:

  • Clonal workers of the parthenogenetic ant Strumigenys membranifera display substantial phenotypic variations.
  • Epigenetic modifications occurring post-eclosion are the likely cause of these phenotypic variations in this asexual species.