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Mate limitation and sex ratio evolution.

Jussi Lehtonen1, Lisa E Schwanz1

  • 1Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.

Royal Society Open Science
|March 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Mate limitation does not affect sex ratio evolution under panmixia. However, under local mate competition (LMC), mate limitation can lead to less female-biased sex ratios and unfertilized daughters at the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS).

Keywords:
fertilizationlocal mate competitionmate limitationsex allocationsex ratiosperm limitation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Population Genetics
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Sex ratio evolution is a cornerstone of evolutionary theory, with foundational models by Düsing, Fisher, and Hamilton.
  • Existing models often assume complete fertilization, a simplification that may not reflect natural conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of relaxing the assumption of complete fertilization on sex ratio evolution.
  • To model sex ratio evolution under conditions of mate limitation and incomplete fertilization in panmictic and local mate competition (LMC) scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Development of diploid genetic models for sex ratio evolution under both panmictic and LMC conditions.
  • Mathematical analysis of the relationship between sex ratio and fertilization probability.
  • Modeling sex ratio evolution incorporating the risk of incomplete fertilization using various mating functions.

Main Results:

  • Under panmixia, mate limitation does not alter the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) sex allocation.
  • In LMC models, mate limitation can result in less female-biased sex ratios compared to scenarios with complete fertilization.
  • A significant fraction of daughters can remain unfertilized at the ESS in LMC with mate limitation, especially with commonly used mating functions.

Conclusions:

  • The assumption of complete fertilization is critical and its relaxation significantly impacts sex ratio evolution predictions, particularly under LMC.
  • Mate limitation can lead to substantial proportions of unfertilized daughters, with the magnitude depending on the specific fertilization function.
  • The study demonstrates the equivalence of individual, kin, and group selection approaches and suggests extensions to haplodiploid systems.