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Organic Compounds

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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
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The Intermediate Value Theorem is a foundational result in calculus that guarantees the existence of solutions within certain intervals for continuous functions. Formally, the Intermediate Value Theorem states that if a function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and if N is any value between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one c ∈ (a, b) such that f(c) = N. This theorem is instrumental in proving the existence of roots and in analyzing the behavior of continuous...
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Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments01:35

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Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
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The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and II are acidic and basic keratin proteins. Type III is of mesodermal origin and comprises four proteins: vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Vimentin is commonly found in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle cells, GFAP in astrocytes, while peripherin is found in peripheral nervous system neurons (PNS). Type...
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4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-a versatile platform intermediate for value-added compounds.

Songwei Wang1, Muhammad Bilal1, Hongbo Hu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
|March 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) is a key intermediate for biotechnological products. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering advance 4-HBA biosynthesis for valuable compounds like resveratrol and vanillyl alcohol.

Keywords:
4-Hydroxybenzoic acidBioproductsMetabolic engineeringPlatform intermediateSynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Metabolic Engineering

Background:

  • 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) is a versatile intermediate for high-value bioproducts.
  • Applications span food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and fungicides.
  • Biosynthetic methods for 4-HBA and its derivatives are increasingly important.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biosynthesis of industrially relevant compounds using 4-HBA.
  • To highlight advancements in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering for 4-HBA production.
  • To discuss future research directions and potential new applications of 4-HBA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on 4-HBA biosynthesis.
  • Analysis of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies.
  • Identification of key enzymes and pathways involved in 4-HBA conversion.

Main Results:

  • 4-HBA serves as a crucial precursor for compounds like resveratrol, muconic acid, gastrodin, xiamenmycin, and vanillyl alcohol.
  • Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have successfully enabled efficient 4-HBA biosynthesis.
  • Diverse biotechnological applications are feasible using 4-HBA as a starting material.

Conclusions:

  • 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a pivotal platform chemical for sustainable bioproduction.
  • Advanced engineering approaches are key to meeting the demand for 4-HBA-derived products.
  • Future research holds potential for novel compound discovery and expanded industrial applications of 4-HBA.