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Related Concept Videos

Bipolar Disorder01:30

Bipolar Disorder

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Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
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Bipolar Junction Transistor01:22

Bipolar Junction Transistor

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Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are essential elements in electronic circuits, playing a crucial role in the functionality of amplifiers, memories, and microprocessors. These transistors can be designed as NPN or PNP based on their doping patterns. They consist of three layers: the emitter, base, and collector. The configuration of these layers and their respective doping levels—with N-type or P-type impurities—define the transistor's type and its operational...
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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

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Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
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Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

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Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
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Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

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Bipolar disorders.

Eduard Vieta1, Michael Berk2,3,4, Thomas G Schulze5,6,7,8,9

  • 1Bipolar Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|March 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bipolar disorders are chronic mental health conditions affecting over 1% globally. Early diagnosis and evidence-based treatment, including medication and psychosocial strategies, are crucial for managing bipolar disorder and reducing associated risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Bipolar disorders are chronic, recurrent conditions impacting over 1% of the global population.
  • They are a leading cause of disability in young adults, associated with cognitive impairment, functional deficits, and increased mortality (suicide, cardiovascular disease).
  • High rates of psychiatric and medical comorbidities contribute to mortality risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the challenges in early and accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorders.
  • To emphasize the importance of clinical assessment, particularly identifying hypomanic symptoms, for differential diagnosis.
  • To underscore the necessity of timely, evidence-based treatment for optimal patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bipolar disorder epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Emphasis on clinical assessment strategies for differentiating bipolar disorder from unipolar depression.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria and the role of symptom presentation.

Main Results:

  • Bipolar disorders exhibit high heritability, with gene-environment interactions playing a key role in etiology.
  • Diagnostic challenges arise from nonspecific initial symptoms, mood lability, and depressive episodes mimicking unipolar depression.
  • Lack of specific biomarkers necessitates reliance on longitudinal clinical evaluation and symptom detection.

Conclusions:

  • Early and accurate diagnosis of bipolar disorders is critical but challenging due to overlapping symptoms and lack of biomarkers.
  • Longitudinal clinical assessment, focusing on hypomanic symptoms, is essential for differentiation.
  • Optimal management requires prompt initiation of evidence-based treatments, including mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and psychosocial interventions.