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A Hormone-responsive 3D Culture Model of the Human Mammary Gland Epithelium

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Hormonal responses following eccentric exercise in humans.

Anastassios Philippou¹, Maria Maridaki², Roxane Tenta³

¹Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias Str., 115 27, Athens, Greece.

Hormones (Athens, Greece)

|March 9, 2018

Summary

Eccentric exercise causes muscle damage and significant hormonal changes, including altered free thyroxine (fT4) and irisin, potentially aiding muscle regeneration and adaptation. These hormonal shifts may be part of a regulatory network supporting recovery.

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Area of Science:

Exercise physiology
Endocrinology
Muscle biology

Background:

Muscle damage from mechanical overload triggers acute hormonal responses.
Exercise-induced muscle damage involves complex hormonal signaling during regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate systemic hormonal and secreted protein responses after eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.
Analyze changes in hormones and exercise-regulated proteins for several days post-exercise.

Main Methods:

Nine males performed 50 maximal eccentric knee extensor actions.
Blood samples analyzed for growth hormone (GH), IGFBP-3, cortisol, prolactin, TSH, fT4, irisin, follistatin, sclerostin, myoglobin (Mb), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at multiple time points.
Muscle damage markers (Mb, LDH) and serum hormone/protein levels were measured pre- and post-exercise.

Main Results:

Significant increases in myoglobin (Mb) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) confirmed muscle damage.
Observed late increases in free thyroxine (fT4) and decreases in irisin, alongside early, persistent decreases in IGFBP-3.
Growth hormone (GH) and IGFBP-3, and prolactin and sclerostin showed significant correlations over time.

Conclusions:

Hormonal responses following muscle-damaging exercise suggest involvement in regenerative mechanisms.
These hormonal shifts may form a regulatory network supporting adaptation post-exercise.
Further research into hormonal involvement in muscle repair and adaptation is warranted.