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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
Published on: September 11, 2011
Patient radiation doses in intraoral and panoramic X-ray examinations in Sudan
I I Suliman1, Aziza H Abdelgadir2
1Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation Safety Institute, P.O. Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan; Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Physics Department, Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, P.O. Box 11642, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract:
Radiation doses were measured for the first time in intraoral and panoramic dental radiology at Sudanese hospitals. Doses were determined using various exposure settings for adults and children in 8 intraoral and 6 panoramic X-ray devices. The study sample was equally divided between devices using a digital image receptor (DR) and those using conventional screen film (SF). Radiation doses are reported in terms of incident air kerma (IAK) (intraoral radiology) and kerma area product (PKA) (panoramic radiology). IAK values in intraoral radiology were: 1.45 mGy (DR), 4.45 mGy (SF), and 3.01 mGy (combined). For panoramic radiology, PKA values ranged: from 35.8 to 103.2 mGy cm2 (average: 70.4 mGy cm2) for children and from 65.7 to 151.4 mGy cm2 (average: 103.4 mGy cm2) for adults. The results showed that the downward trend in patient doses can be achieved using digital imaging. The study revealed important concerns surrounding radiation protection, such as the lack of regular quality assurance programs and the use of circular collimators.
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