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Related Concept Videos

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit, are called significant figures or significant digits. Note that zero may be a measured value; for example, if a scale that shows weight to the nearest pound reads “140,” then the 1 (hundreds), 4 (tens), and 0 (ones) are all significant (measured) values.
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The definition of electric field lines greatly eases the visualization of electric fields, a vector field, especially in the presence of many charges. The one-to-one correspondence between the electric field and the electric field lines necessitates that the field lines follow some rules.
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The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. These are called the SI base units.
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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials
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Precise dielectric property measurements and E-field probe calibration for specific absorption rate measurements

B M Hakim1, B B Beard1, C C Davis2

  • 1Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.

Measurement Science & Technology
|March 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new system precisely measures tissue-equivalent liquid dielectric properties and calibrates electric field probes for accurate specific absorption rate (SAR) measurements. This integrated approach reduces uncertainty in electromagnetic field assessments.

Keywords:
E-field probeE-field probe calibrationSARdielectric property measurementdosimetryuncertainty analysiswaveguide

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Area of Science:

  • Electromagnetics and Measurement Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiofrequency Safety

Background:

  • Accurate specific absorption rate (SAR) measurements are crucial for assessing the safety of electromagnetic field exposure.
  • Existing methods for determining dielectric properties of tissue-equivalent liquids and calibrating electric field probes can introduce significant uncertainties.
  • Standardized and reliable measurement systems are needed to ensure the accuracy and comparability of SAR data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a precise system for simultaneous dielectric property measurement of tissue-equivalent liquids and electric field probe calibration.
  • To reduce uncertainty in SAR measurements by integrating dielectric property determination and E-field probe calibration within a single system.
  • To identify and quantify system parameters influencing measurement uncertainty.

Main Methods:

  • A rectangular waveguide system was designed, incorporating an electric field probe and a data acquisition system.
  • Dielectric properties were calculated using field attenuation and power reflectance measurements within the waveguide.
  • E-field probe calibration factors were determined through isotropicity measurements.

Main Results:

  • The developed system achieved uncertainties within ±3% at the 95% confidence level for dielectric property measurements and probe calibrations.
  • Operating frequencies of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz were utilized.
  • Using a single waveguide for both dielectric measurements and probe calibration was shown to eliminate a key source of uncertainty.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated system offers a precise and reliable method for dielectric property measurement and E-field probe calibration, essential for accurate SAR assessments.
  • The study successfully identified critical system parameters affecting overall measurement uncertainty, enabling further refinement.
  • This approach enhances the accuracy and consistency of electromagnetic field measurements in biological tissues.