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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
Published on: May 16, 2025
Spin-orbit coupling induced three-dimensional topological objects in attractive Bose-Einstein condensates
Liang-Liang Xu1, Yong-Kai Liu2, Shi-Jie Yang1
1Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
Attractive Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute alkali gases are unstable against collapse in two- and three-dimensional free space. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that the spin-orbit coupling of the two-component condensates counteracts the tendency of collapse and makes the system preferable to an extended spatial distribution in the three-dimensional case. Furthermore, stable topological objects can be formed in the condensates, which are shown to be the lowest energy states. Two configurations of the density profiles, called three-dimensional skyrmion and three-dimensional dimeron, respectively, are identified depending on the strength of the spin-orbit coupling.
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