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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
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Pumped Concrete01:13

Pumped Concrete

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Concrete in large quantities can be pumped across long distances for placing in inaccessible sites. This system comprises a hopper that receives concrete from a mixer, a pump to propel the concrete, and pipelines that facilitate its delivery.
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Refrigerators and Heat Pumps01:07

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

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Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors

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Peptic ulcers, often induced by H. pylori infections or NSAID usage, arise from disruptions in the delicate balance of gastric acid production. Peptic ulcers stem from heightened gastric acid levels due to H. pylori infections or NSAID use. The protective mucus layer diminishes in the presence of these factors, allowing gastric acid to erode the stomach lining and form ulcers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components &#8211; Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)
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1200  nm pumped Tm3+:Lu2O3 ceramic lasers.

Isinsu Baylam, Sarper Ozharar, Alphan Sennaroglu

    Applied Optics
    |March 10, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers demonstrated an efficient 1200-nm pumped Thulium (Tm3+):Lutetium oxide (Lu2O3) ceramic laser. This new pumping scheme offers a 40% improvement in slope efficiency compared to traditional 800-nm pumping.

    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics
    • Materials Science
    • Solid-State Lasers

    Background:

    • Thulium-doped lasers are crucial for various applications, but their excitation efficiency can be limited.
    • Optimizing pump sources and wavelengths is key to enhancing laser performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally demonstrate and characterize a 1200-nm pumped Thulium (Tm3+):Lutetium oxide (Lu2O3) ceramic laser.
    • To investigate the impact of 1200-nm pumping on energy efficiency and operational characteristics.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a tunable Cr4+:forsterite laser for gain-switched pumping near 1200 nm.
    • Measured the excitation spectrum and determined optimal pump bands.
    • Compared energy efficiency with 800-nm pumping.

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  • Observed transitions in output wavelength and pulse characteristics at higher pump energies.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified optimal pumping bands centered around 1198 nm, 1204 nm, and 1211 nm.
    • Achieved a highest slope efficiency of 21.5% at 1204 nm.
    • Demonstrated a ~40% improvement in slope efficiency using 1200-nm pumping versus 800-nm pumping.
    • Observed a transition to dual-wavelength operation (2066 nm and 1967 nm) and characterized temporal pulse behavior.

    Conclusions:

    • 1200-nm pumping provides significantly improved energy efficiency for Tm3+:Lu2O3 ceramic lasers.
    • This alternative excitation scheme offers a promising pathway for developing high-performance Tm3+:Lu2O3 ceramic lasers.