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Related Concept Videos

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions01:27

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Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...
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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing
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Telescope-based cavity for negative ion beam neutralization in future fusion reactors.

Donatella Fiorucci, Ali Hreibi, Walid Chaibi

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    Photo-neutralization enhances neutral beam injector (NBI) efficiency for future fusion reactors. A novel telescope-based cavity design for the demonstration power plant (DEMO) project significantly reduces NBI system length and confirms stability.

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    Area of Science:

    • Fusion energy research
    • Plasma physics
    • Particle accelerator technology

    Background:

    • Heating system efficiency is critical for future fusion reactors.
    • Current neutral beam injector (NBI) designs face limitations in efficiency and space.
    • Photo-neutralization offers a promising alternative to gaseous targets for enhancing NBI efficiency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and test a telescope-based photo-neutralizer cavity configuration for the demonstration power plant (DEMO) project.
    • To address space constraints in fusion reactor environments by reducing cavity length.
    • To validate the stability and performance of the proposed NBI photo-neutralizer design.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a telescope-based configuration for the NBI photo-neutralizer cavity.
    • Implementation of a tabletop experiment to test the proposed cavity design.
    • Measurement of beam width and equivalent cavity g factor to assess performance and stability.

    Main Results:

    • A beam width of 4 mm was achieved within a 1.5 m cavity.
    • The equivalent cavity g factor was measured to be 0.038(3).
    • The experimental results confirm the stability of the proposed cavity configuration.

    Conclusions:

    • The telescope-based photo-neutralizer cavity design offers a significant reduction in length, addressing overcrowding issues in fusion reactors.
    • This configuration enhances NBI efficiency, crucial for future fusion power plants.
    • The confirmed stability of the cavity validates its potential for practical application in DEMO and beyond.