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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
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Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

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Null and Alternative Hypotheses01:16

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

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The actual hypothesis testing begins by considering two hypotheses. They are termed  the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.
The null hypothesis, denoted by H0 is a statement of no difference between the variables—they are not related. This can often be considered the status quo. As  a result if you cannot accept the null, it requires some action.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation
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Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

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Looking back on the alternative complement pathway.

Peter J Lachmann1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.

Immunobiology
|March 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The alternative complement pathway, initially the Properdin pathway, faced decades of controversy before its components, sequence, and functions were agreed upon. This review clarifies remaining historical ambiguities in complement research.

Keywords:
Alternative pathwayComplementProperdin

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Complement System Biology

Background:

  • The Properdin pathway, described in the 1950s, is the historical origin of the alternative complement pathway.
  • Early research faced significant controversy, delaying consensus on its fundamental aspects.

Observation:

  • Decades were required to establish agreement on the pathway's components.
  • The reaction sequence and biological functions also remained subjects of debate for many years.

Findings:

  • This review synthesizes the historical development of understanding the alternative complement pathway.
  • It aims to resolve persistent ambiguities regarding its components, sequence, and functions.

Implications:

  • Clarifying the history enhances understanding of the complement system.
  • Resolving ambiguities aids future research into complement-mediated immunity and disease.