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Hypertension I: Introduction

Hypertension I: Introduction

Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...

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The nursing management of hypertension involves accurately assessing symptoms, making a comprehensive nursing diagnosis, collaborating with patients to set goals, and implementing targeted interventions to mitigate the condition's impact and improve patient well-being.Comprehensive AssessmentThe initial step in nursing care for hypertension involves a thorough patient assessment. It includes evaluating symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, and previous hypertension episodes.

Resistivity

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Resistance

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...

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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension

Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension

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Resistant Hypertension: Which Agent?

Hamish C G Prosser¹, Omar Azzam¹, Markus P Schlaich²

¹Dobney Hypertension Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.

Heart, Lung & Circulation

|March 13, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Resistant hypertension management requires more than three medications for many patients. This review guides selecting additional drugs or interventions to control high blood pressure effectively.

Keywords:

Aldosterone antagonists Antihypertensive medication Devices Pharmacotherapy Resistant hypertension Sympathetic

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Pharmacology
Nephrology

Background:

Resistant hypertension is defined as blood pressure remaining above target despite optimal doses of at least three antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic.
Australian guidelines suggest renin-angiotensin system blockers (ACE inhibitors or ARBs), calcium channel blockers, and diuretics as preferred initial triple therapy.
Many patients with resistant hypertension need additional pharmacotherapy to reach blood pressure goals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current evidence for selecting additional antihypertensive pharmacotherapy in resistant hypertension.
To provide guidance on appropriate choices for further medication.
To discuss interventional approaches for select patients.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing evidence on antihypertensive pharmacotherapy.
Analysis of treatment guidelines and clinical trial data.
Discussion of pharmacologic and interventional strategies.

Main Results:

Optimal triple therapy (RAS blocker, CCB, diuretic) is recommended but often insufficient.
Evidence supports specific add-on pharmacotherapies based on patient profiles.
Interventional options may be considered in refractory cases.

Conclusions:

Careful selection of additional antihypertensive agents is crucial for resistant hypertension.
Pharmacotherapy remains the cornerstone, with interventional options for specific patient groups.
Achieving blood pressure targets in resistant hypertension often requires multi-drug regimens and personalized approaches.