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Annual killifish embryos show extreme asynchrony as a bet-hedging strategy. Fish in arid regions produce more short-developing embryos, enhancing adaptation to unpredictable rainfall and enabling multiple offspring generations per season.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Annual killifish inhabit temporary pools and exhibit developmental asynchrony.
  • This asynchrony is a bet-hedging strategy against unpredictable rainfall.
  • African killifish populations span a wide precipitation gradient, suggesting potential local adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate local adaptation in embryo developmental asynchrony in African annual killifish.
  • To compare developmental asynchrony and duration across populations from varying rainfall gradients.
  • To determine if arid-adapted populations exhibit different developmental strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Studied eight populations of Nothobranchius furzeri and Nothobranchius kadleci along a rainfall gradient.
  • Assessed embryo developmental asynchrony and duration.
  • Quantified the proportion of short-developing embryos in populations from arid versus humid regions.

Main Results:

  • Developmental asynchrony and mean duration did not significantly differ across the rainfall gradient.
  • Embryo development showed high variability within populations.
  • Populations from more arid regions produced a significantly higher proportion of short-developing embryos.

Conclusions:

  • All studied killifish populations exhibit developmental asynchrony, indicating a need to cope with rainfall stochasticity.
  • Increased production of short-developing embryos in arid regions suggests adaptation to shorter pool durations.
  • This strategy enhances the likelihood of multiple breeding generations within a single rainy season in unpredictable environments.