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Electrical Current01:10

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Current Density01:21

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Displacement Current01:19

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Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice
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[Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) : psychiatric use].

C Kornreich1, P Cole1, H Kajosch1

  • 1Service de Psychiatrie, C.H.U. Brugmann.

Revue Medicale De Bruxelles
|March 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a safe brain stimulation technique. While promising for depression, its use by the public for non-therapeutic aims poses health risks due to uncontrolled parameters.

Keywords:
Brain stimulationChronic painCognitive declineDepression

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation method.
  • It is recognized for its affordability, ease of use, and safety profile.
  • tDCS is being explored for various neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current applications and efficacy of tDCS.
  • To highlight the potential risks associated with non-therapeutic public use of tDCS devices.
  • To emphasize the need for controlled stimulation parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tDCS applications in psychiatry and neurology.
  • Analysis of tDCS efficacy in treating depression, chronic pain, and cognitive decline.
  • Examination of the implications of widespread, unregulated tDCS device usage.

Main Results:

  • tDCS shows probable efficacy in treating depression.
  • Evidence for efficacy in other indications like chronic pain and cognitive decline requires further confirmation.
  • Low-cost tDCS devices are accessible online and used for non-therapeutic purposes, such as enhancing video gaming performance.

Conclusions:

  • The therapeutic potential of tDCS is significant but requires more research for several indications.
  • Widespread public access to tDCS devices without proper guidance presents a public health concern.
  • Lack of control over stimulation parameters (localization, duration, intensity) in non-medical use can lead to potential hazards.