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Related Concept Videos

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality01:30

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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Current and future perspectives in autoimmune hepatitis.

Eleni Theocharidou1, Michael A Heneghan2

  • 1Senior Clinical Fellow, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London.

British Journal of Hospital Medicine (London, England : 2005)
|March 13, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune hepatitis arises from a loss of immune tolerance, often triggered by environmental factors in susceptible individuals. Treatment typically involves steroids and azathioprine, with liver transplantation reserved for severe cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens in the liver.
  • Genetic predisposition and environmental factors are implicated in AIH pathogenesis.
  • Clinical presentation varies from insidious onset to acute liver failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of autoimmune hepatitis, including its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and current treatment strategies.
  • To highlight the challenges in managing AIH and the potential for novel therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on serological markers (antibody positivity, elevated immunoglobulin G) and characteristic liver histology (interface hepatitis).
  • Initial treatment involves high-dose corticosteroids for remission induction.
  • Maintenance therapy commonly utilizes azathioprine to sustain remission.

Main Results:

  • The majority of patients achieve remission with immunosuppressive therapy.
  • Treatment withdrawal is successful in only a small subset of patients.
  • Variant forms of AIH overlapping with other cholestatic liver diseases are associated with poorer prognoses.

Conclusions:

  • Current management strategies for autoimmune hepatitis are effective but often require long-term immunosuppression.
  • Liver transplantation is a critical option for patients with end-stage disease or acute liver failure unresponsive to medical treatment.
  • Emerging research into AIH pathophysiology offers promise for developing targeted therapies and personalized treatment plans.