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Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...

Translation

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry

Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein by Immunohistochemistry

Published on: May 5, 2023

Translational Control by Prion-like Proteins.

Liying Li¹, J P McGinnis¹, Kausik Si¹

¹Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.

Trends in Cell Biology

|March 14, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Prion-like proteins form assemblies that regulate protein synthesis. These intrinsically disordered proteins offer unique advantages in controlling gene expression, but their formation and regulation require further study.

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Prion-like proteins share characteristics with intrinsically disordered and low-complexity sequences.
These proteins are prevalent, particularly in mRNA-binding proteins.
A key feature is their capacity to form distinct protein assemblies.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential roles of protein assemblies in regulated protein synthesis.
To investigate the advantages prion-like proteins offer in translation regulation.
To address questions concerning the formation and regulation of these protein assemblies.

Main Methods:

Bioinformatics analysis to identify prion-like protein sequences.
Biophysical characterization of protein assemblies.
Functional assays to assess roles in translation regulation.

Main Results:

Prion-like proteins are frequently found in mRNA-binding proteins.
Protein assemblies exhibit unique biophysical and functional properties.
Evidence suggests prion-like proteins play a role in translation control.

Conclusions:

Protein assemblies formed by prion-like proteins are implicated in regulating protein synthesis.
Prion-like proteins present novel mechanisms for controlling gene expression.
Further research is needed to fully understand the formation and regulatory mechanisms of these assemblies.