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Updated: Feb 13, 2026
15:06
Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle
Published on: January 3, 2016
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Universal linear and nonlinear electrodynamics of a Dirac fluid
Zhiyuan Sun1, Dmitry N Basov2,3, Michael M Fogler2
1Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; sunzhiyuandt@gmail.com.
Summary
This study derives a universal relation for nonlinear AC conductivity in electron systems within the hydrodynamic regime. The findings reveal distinct properties compared to higher-frequency kinetic regimes, applicable across diverse systems like graphene.
Area of Science:
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Plasma Physics
- Nonlinear Optics
Background:
- Understanding electron system conductivity is crucial for electronic devices.
- Nonlinear AC conductivity governs material response to oscillating electric fields.
- The hydrodynamic regime, below interparticle scattering rates, exhibits unique electronic behaviors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish a general relationship between linear and second-order nonlinear AC conductivities in the hydrodynamic regime.
- To differentiate hydrodynamic nonlinear conductivity from that in the kinetic regime.
- To explore the universal applicability of these findings across various electron systems.
Main Methods:
- Derivation of a general relation for AC conductivities.
- Analysis of electron systems in the hydrodynamic regime.
- Comparison with established kinetic regime theories.
Main Results:
- A universal formula for hydrodynamic nonlinear AC conductivity is derived.
- The magnitude and tensor structure of hydrodynamic conductivity differ from kinetic conductivity.
- The formulas are valid for Dirac-like dispersions in various systems (electron gases, plasmas).
Conclusions:
- The derived formulas offer a universal description of nonlinear AC conductivity in the hydrodynamic regime.
- The theory applies to a wide range of systems, including graphene, with Dirac-like electron dispersion.
- Predictions for photon drag and second-harmonic generation in graphene are presented.
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