Delayed Hemorrhage in Kidney Transplantation: A Life-threatening Condition

One of the most catastrophic complications of kidney transplantation is non-traumatic delayed bleeding caused by arterial dissection and pseudoaneurysm, endangering the survival of the graft and the patient. Herein, we discuss the management of this condition in 3 cases. The patients included 2 men, 30 and 47 years old, and a 33-year-old woman, who developed a massive hemorrhage in the second week after kidney transplant. All our patients were diabetic for more than 5 years. Massive hemorrhage occurred in the second week without any trauma or precipitating factor. A combination of antibiotic therapy, surgery and interventional procedures was required and all three transplanted kidneys inevitably had to be removed. Although there were trivial signs of infection, considerable pus and infectious and necrotic tissue were drained during graft nephrectomy. A high index of suspicion is necessary for the timely diagnosis of arterial dissection and aneurysm. Aggressive treatment with arterial drug-eluting stents and surgical drainage are necessary in order to prevent potentially fatal complications.