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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

71.4K
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube01:18

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave...
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

3.6K
High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:
3.6K
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation00:57

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Instrumentation

3.1K
High-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC, is an analytical technique that separates liquid samples under high pressures. An HPLC instrument consists of glass bottles for storing solvents called mobile phase reservoirs. HPLC-grade solvents are used to maintain high purity, and the dissolved gases are removed using a degasser, such as a vacuum pumping system or sparging with helium. The solvents are then pumped into the analytical column using a screw-driven syringe or reciprocating pumps.
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Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites
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Solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: a tutorial.

Fotouh R Mansour1, Neil D Danielson2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|March 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (ST-DLLME) uses a demulsifying solvent for rapid phase separation, eliminating centrifugation. This method enhances precision, reduces analysis time, and offers green chemistry advantages for analyte determination.

Keywords:
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextractionGreen analytical chemistryMicroextractionSolvent-demulsification

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Chemistry

Background:

  • Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is an efficient sample preparation technique.
  • Traditional DLLME often requires centrifugation for phase separation, which can be time-consuming and prone to errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and explain the principles of solvent-terminated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (ST-DLLME).
  • To highlight the advantages of ST-DLLME over conventional DLLME methods.
  • To discuss the practical aspects and diverse applications of ST-DLLME.

Main Methods:

  • ST-DLLME involves injecting a demulsifying solvent into a sample/extractant mixture to induce rapid phase separation.
  • The demulsifier's high surface activity and low surface tension are crucial for breaking emulsions.
  • Optimization of extractant type/volume, disperser, pH, temperature, stirring, and demulsifier characteristics is essential.

Main Results:

  • ST-DLLME eliminates the need for centrifugation, improving precision and reducing analysis time.
  • The method has been successfully applied for determining inorganic and organic analytes, including pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
  • ST-DLLME offers significant green chemistry benefits, such as low solvent consumption and reduced waste.

Conclusions:

  • ST-DLLME is a rapid, efficient, and automatable extraction technique.
  • Its ability to eliminate centrifugation and its green features make it a valuable tool for various analytical applications.
  • Further optimization of parameters can enhance extraction efficiency and expand its applicability.