Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Predicting Molecular Geometry

Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries

Geometry of Hyperbolas

Geometry of Hyperbolas

A hyperbola consists of all points where the absolute difference of distances to two fixed points, called foci, remains constant. The standard equation isEach branch extends infinitely and approaches two asymptotes, which guide the curve’s behavior. The parameters a and b define key features: a measures the distance from the center to each vertex along the transverse axis, while b influences the slopes of the asymptotes. The asymptotes have equationsA rectangle centered at the origin with...

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

The VSEPR theory can be used to determine the electron pair geometries and molecular structures as follows:

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...

Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Vasculature segmentation in 3D hierarchical phase-contrast tomography images of human kidneys.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Fast eikonal phase retrieval for high-throughput beamlines.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026

Same author

Evolution of hierarchical phase-contrast tomography on the European Synchrotron beamlines BM05 and BM18: a whole adult human brain imaging case study.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026

Same author

Working with laws, regularities and singularities in biology: The evolution of mammalian red blood cell size as a case study.

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)·2026

Same author

Bridging the microstructural gap in human connectomics using hierarchical phase-contrast tomography as a reference for diffusion MRI in the human brain.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

The Human Organ Atlas.

Science advances·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

Published on: December 10, 2015

Wing bone geometry reveals active flight in Archaeopteryx.

Dennis F A E Voeten^1,2, Jorge Cubo³, Emmanuel de Margerie⁴

¹European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS-40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France. dennis.voeten01@upol.cz.

Nature Communications

|March 15, 2018

Summary

Archaeopteryx, an iconic fossil, likely used wing flapping for early avian flight. New analysis suggests powered flight originated before the Late Jurassic period.

More Related Videos

3D Mitochondrial Ultrastructure of Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscle Revealed by Serial-section Electron Tomography

3D Mitochondrial Ultrastructure of Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscle Revealed by Serial-section Electron Tomography

Published on: December 19, 2017

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Published on: March 10, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 13, 2026

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

Published on: December 10, 2015

3D Mitochondrial Ultrastructure of Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscle Revealed by Serial-section Electron Tomography

3D Mitochondrial Ultrastructure of Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscle Revealed by Serial-section Electron Tomography

Published on: December 19, 2017

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Published on: March 10, 2021

Area of Science:

Paleontology
Evolutionary Biology
Biomechanics

Background:

Archaeopteryx, a Late Jurassic fossil, presents a mosaic of avian and dinosaurian features.
Interpreting its locomotory capabilities, especially flight, remains a challenge after 150 years of study.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the locomotory potential of Archaeopteryx's wing bone architecture.
To compare Archaeopteryx's bone structure with extant and extinct archosaurs.

Main Methods:

Phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography was used to analyze three Archaeopteryx specimens.
Comparative analysis of cross-sectional geometric properties of wing bones from Archaeopteryx and other archosaurs.

Main Results:

Archaeopteryx's wing bone architecture shares unique geometric properties with volant birds, particularly those using short-distance flapping.
The study suggests Archaeopteryx employed an active wing-flapping flight stroke, distinct from modern birds.

Conclusions:

Archaeopteryx was capable of powered flight, utilizing a unique flight stroke.
The origin of avian powered flight predates the Late Jurassic, challenging previous timelines.