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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

2.0K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Optimal Foraging00:48

Optimal Foraging

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How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
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Optimization Problems01:26

Optimization Problems

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Optimization problems often involve identifying maximum or minimum values under specific constraints. A well-known example is determining the longest horizontal pipe that can be moved around a right-angled corner, where a 3-meter-wide hallway meets a 2-meter-wide hallway. This scenario, common in architectural design and industrial transport, can be understood conceptually through geometric and trigonometric reasoning.To visualize the problem, consider the pipe as a straight line that touches...
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Isolation and Purification of Fungal &#946;-Glucan as an Immunotherapy Strategy for Glioblastoma
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Optimizing Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Immunotherapy: β-Glucan-Based Nanoparticles.

Mei Zhang1,2,3, Julian A Kim1,2,3,4, Alex Yee-Chen Huang1,2,5

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Beta-glucans and their nanoparticles can modify the tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance cancer immunotherapy. This approach aims to improve patient responses by optimizing antitumor immunity within the TME.

Keywords:
beta-glucanbeta-glucan-based nanoparticlecancer immunotherapyimmune modulatortumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and cell therapies, shows promise but benefits only a subset of patients.
  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) often suppresses effective anti-tumor immune responses.
  • Understanding and manipulating the TME is crucial for improving immunotherapy efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and therapeutic potential of beta-glucans and beta-glucan-based nanoparticles.
  • To explore their role in modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.
  • To discuss mechanisms and future applications in combination cancer therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on beta-glucans, nanoparticles, and tumor microenvironment modulation.
  • Analysis of mechanisms by which beta-glucans interact with immune cells and the TME.
  • Discussion of emerging data on beta-glucan-based nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Beta-glucans, derived from plants, fungi, and bacteria, act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
  • These molecules target specific receptors on immune cells, influencing immune responses.
  • Emerging evidence indicates beta-glucans and their nanoparticles can actively condition the TME.

Conclusions:

  • Beta-glucans and beta-glucan-based nanoparticles represent a promising strategy for modulating the tumor microenvironment.
  • This modulation can enhance the generation and delivery of anti-tumor immune responses.
  • These agents hold potential for optimizing future combination cancer immunotherapies.