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Related Concept Videos

The Resting Membrane Potential01:21

The Resting Membrane Potential

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Overview
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Resting Membrane Potential01:24

Resting Membrane Potential

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The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is generated by differences in permeability of the membrane to various ions and the concentrations of these ions across the membrane.
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Resting Potential Decay01:15

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The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) and highly permeable to potassium ions (K+). Differences in the ions' concentration inside the cell compared to the outside are maintained by membrane transport proteins like channels and pumps.
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Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest01:11

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In a fluid at rest, the pressure at any point beneath the fluid surface depends solely on the depth, not on the container's shape or size. This principle, known as hydrostatic pressure, arises because, in stationary fluids, there is no acceleration, meaning the forces within the fluid balance out. Only vertical forces, caused by the weight of the fluid above, contribute to pressure changes with depth.
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Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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PI3K-Akt signalling regulates Scx-lineage tenocytes and Tppp3-lineage paratenon sheath cells in neonatal tendon regeneration.

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Induced genetic ablation of Rest leads to the alteration of stimulus-induced response of the vagal nerve.

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A New Toolkit for Evaluating Gene Functions using Conditional Cas9 Stabilization
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Novel Rest functions revealed by conditional gene ablation.

Hitomi Aoki1

  • 1Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan. hito7ao@gifu-u.ac.jp.

Medical Molecular Morphology
|March 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rest is not essential for embryonic stem cell pluripotency but promotes differentiation. Conditional Rest knockout mice exhibit lens abnormalities, digestive tract issues, and coat color defects, revealing novel roles in development.

Keywords:
Conditional gene ablationNeural crest cellNeural differentiationNeural stem cellRest/NrsfVagus nerve

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The role of Rest in maintaining embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is debated.
  • Rest is known to regulate neuronal development and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of Rest in ESCs and in vivo development using conditional knockout models.
  • To clarify the controversial role of Rest in maintaining pluripotency.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of conditional Rest knockout (CKO) mouse models.
  • Analysis of ESC pluripotency and differentiation.
  • In vivo assessment of brain development, lens morphology, and neural crest cell (NCC) derivatives.

Main Results:

  • Rest is not required for ESC pluripotency but promotes primitive endoderm differentiation.
  • Rest CKO did not impact in vivo brain development but caused abnormal lens morphology with altered Notch signaling.
  • Ablation of Rest in NCCs led to neonatal lethality, digestive tract abnormalities, and defects in melanocyte development.

Conclusions:

  • Rest plays a crucial role in the development of specific tissues derived from NCCs, including the digestive tract and melanocytes.
  • Rest's function in vivo extends beyond neuronal development, impacting lens and NCC derivatives, suggesting broader roles in disease.