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Related Concept Videos

ATP and Energy Production01:23

ATP and Energy Production

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
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Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

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Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
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Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
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Internal Energy02:00

Internal Energy

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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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Free Energy and Equilibrium02:56

Free Energy and Equilibrium

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The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔGrxn is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
Recall that Q is the numerical value of the mass action...
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Gibbs Free Energy02:39

Gibbs Free Energy

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One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the surroundings. An alternative approach involving a new thermodynamic property defined in terms of system properties only was introduced in the late nineteenth century by American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. This new property is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (or simply the free...
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Treatment of Platelet Products with Riboflavin and UV Light: Effectiveness Against High Titer Bacterial Contamination
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Extramitochondrial energy production in platelets.

Silvia Ravera1, Maria Grazia Signorello1, Martina Bartolucci1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Lab, University of Genova, Genova, 16132, Italy.

Biology of the Cell
|March 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Human platelets generate energy via extramitochondrial aerobic metabolism, not solely mitochondria. This pathway is crucial for platelet activation and function.

Keywords:
ATP synthesisExtramitochondrial energy productionOxidative phosphorylationPlatelets

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Platelet Biology
  • Mitochondrial Function

Background:

  • Human platelets have high energy demands for their functions.
  • Aerobic metabolism is the primary energy source, but platelets have few mitochondria.
  • Investigated extramitochondrial aerobic metabolism in platelets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional expression of extramitochondrial aerobic metabolism in platelets.
  • To determine the role of this metabolism in platelet energy production and activation.

Main Methods:

  • Oximetric and luminometric analyses to measure oxygen consumption and ATP production.
  • Electron microscopy to assess mitochondrial content.
  • Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy to analyze protein expression (F1Fo-ATP synthase, COXII, inner mitochondrial membrane translocase).

Main Results:

  • Platelets consume oxygen and produce ATP with substrates like pyruvate/malate and succinate, despite low mitochondrial content.
  • NADH-stimulated oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis were significant and unaffected by atractyloside, suggesting extramitochondrial involvement.
  • Consistent expression of F1Fo-ATP synthase and COXII, but low inner mitochondrial membrane translocase, supports extramitochondrial OXPHOS.
  • Platelet agonists (thrombin, collagen) increased NADH-stimulated oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Platelets primarily utilize an extramitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) machinery for aerobic energy production.
  • This extramitochondrial metabolism originates from megakaryocytes and plays a key role in platelet activation.
  • Extramitochondrial aerobic metabolism contributes significantly to cellular energy balance in platelets.