Indigenous violence in Northern Mexico on the eve of contact

La Cueva de Dos Cuchillos, near San Francisco de Borja, is a mortuary cave site in Chihuahua, Mexico. Dating to the late Prehistoric period, commingled human skeletal remains were interred in this cave and are thought to belong to the Tarahumara cultural group. Skeletal analyses indicate that a minimum of 10 adults and 7 subadults were interred at this site. Of these, three individuals exhibited signs of perimortem trauma. This included chop marks on one adult male and perimortem neck fractures on two other individuals. In order to investigate these indications of violence and place the remains in the larger social and political landscape, archeological, ethnographic and ethnohistoric data on the Tarahumara and other groups in the region was examined. This included information on intergroup interactions between the Tarahumara and other local cultures. The results of the analysis indicate that the wounds on these three individuals could be consistent with reports of regional intergroup performative violence. Due to the combination of multiple types of evidence in this case, it is suggested that at least some people at this site were victims of either regional intergroup performative violence, or conflict with non-local groups traveling in this important trade corridor.