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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

10.9K
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
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Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

5.0K
Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Statistical Software for Data Analysis and Clinical Trials01:12

Statistical Software for Data Analysis and Clinical Trials

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Statistical software is pivotal in data analysis and clinical trials by providing tools to analyze data, draw conclusions, and make predictions. These software packages range from simple data management applications to complex analytical platforms, supporting various statistical tests, models, and simulation techniques. Their significance lies in their ability to handle vast amounts of data with precision and efficiency, enabling researchers to validate hypotheses, identify trends, and make...
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Ratio Level of Measurement00:54

Ratio Level of Measurement

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The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. For analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
A set of data measured using the ratio scale takes care of the ratio problem and provides complete information. Ratio scale data are like interval scale data, except they have a zero point and ratios can be calculated....
21.6K
Introduction and Methods of Leveling01:26

Introduction and Methods of Leveling

534
Leveling is a surveying procedure used to determine elevation differences between distant points. Elevation refers to the vertical distance above or below a reference datum, typically mean sea level (MSL). In the United States, elevations are often referenced to the mean sea level station at Father Point Rimouski along the St. Lawrence Seaway. To make the datum accessible, permanent markers are established throughout the region. These markers, called benchmarks, have known elevations. If the...
534
Ordinal Level of Measurement00:55

Ordinal Level of Measurement

34.4K
The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. For analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Data measured using an ordinal scale are similar to nominal scale data, but there is one major difference. The ordinal scale data can be ordered. An example of ordinal scale data is a list of the top five national parks...
34.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease
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Measurement of Attachment Level in Clinical Trials: Probing Methods.

Bruce L Pihlstrom

    Journal of Periodontology
    |March 15, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Accurate measurement of clinical attachment level is crucial for periodontal therapy success. While advanced probes and stents improve reliability, no single instrument fully overcomes measurement limitations, emphasizing examiner training.

    Keywords:
    Dental instrumentsperiodontal diseases/diagnosis

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    Area of Science:

    • Periodontology
    • Dental Diagnostics

    Background:

    • Clinical attachment level (CAL) measurement is standard for assessing periodontal therapy outcomes.
    • Limitations in CAL measurement accuracy necessitate improved probing methods and instruments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and compare different generations of periodontal probing instruments and measurement techniques.
    • To evaluate the effectiveness of various methods in reducing examiner error and improving measurement reliability.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of first-generation (conventional probes), second-generation (controlled force probes), and third-generation (automated, computerized probes) instruments.
    • Discussion of measurement techniques including the use of stents and repeated measurements.
    • Analysis of factors influencing inter- and intra-examiner reliability.

    Main Results:

    • Controlled force probes enhance inter-examiner repeatability.
    • Measurement stents improve both inter- and intra-examiner reliability, though may be limited to specific study types.
    • Third-generation instruments offer automation and data capture but do not guarantee improved reliability.

    Conclusions:

    • No single commercially available instrument currently resolves all limitations in CAL measurement.
    • Examiner training and calibration are critical regardless of the instrument used.
    • Instrument selection should be based on the specific needs of individual clinical trials.