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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Increasing Function01:18

Increasing Function

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An increasing function exhibits a rise in output values as input values increase. This behavior is depicted graphically as a curve or line that slopes upward from left to right. Such a function satisfies the condition that if x1 < x2, then f(x1) < f(x2), indicating that the function values grow with increasing inputs. This concept is fundamental in understanding growth trends across various domains, such as population dynamics, financial investments, or resource consumption.The...
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Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Increased Body Temperature01:25

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A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
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Increased pulse rate01:17

Increased pulse rate

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Tachycardia is a condition marked by an abnormally fast or irregular heart rate, surpassing the typical resting rate. In adults, tachycardia is characterized by a pulse rate ranging from 100 to 180 beats per minute. The increased heart rate can result in inadequate blood flow to various body parts, ultimately diminishing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues.
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Studying Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Pseudomonas Infection in Lung Epithelial Cells
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Cigarette Smoking Increases the Risk for Subgingival Infection With Periodontal Pathogens.

J J Zambon, S G Grossi, E E Machtei

    Journal of Periodontology
    |March 15, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of subgingival infection with the periodontal pathogen Bacteroides forsythus. This finding may help explain why smokers have a higher risk of developing periodontitis.

    Keywords:
    Bacteroides forsythusPeriodontitis/pathogenesisPorphyromonas gingivalisrisk factorssmoking/adverse effects

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    Area of Science:

    • Oral microbiology
    • Periodontology
    • Public health

    Background:

    • Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor for periodontitis.
    • The specific mechanisms linking smoking to increased periodontal disease risk require further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the association between cigarette smoking and subgingival infection with specific periodontal pathogens.
    • To determine if smokers exhibit a higher prevalence or load of certain periodontal pathogens compared to non-smokers.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of self-reported smoking data and subgingival microbial samples from 1,426 subjects (aged 25-74) in the Erie County Study.
    • Determination of subgingival infection with periodontal pathogens using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy.
    • Assessment of periodontal destruction severity using mean clinical attachment loss.

    Main Results:

    • Smokers showed significantly higher levels and risk of subgingival infection with Bacteroides forsythus compared to non-smokers.
    • The risk of B. forsythus infection was 2.3 times higher in current smokers, adjusting for disease severity.
    • Increased smoking amount (pack-years) correlated with a higher relative risk of B. forsythus infection.
    • Porphyromonas gingivalis infection was more likely in smokers, but the relative risk was not statistically significant.

    Conclusions:

    • Cigarette smoking increases the likelihood of subgingival infection with specific periodontal pathogens, notably Bacteroides forsythus.
    • These findings provide a potential explanation for the elevated risk of periodontitis observed in smokers.
    • Understanding these pathogen-host interactions is crucial for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in smokers.