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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Detection of Histone Modifications in Plant Leaves
Published on: September 23, 2011
Cardenolides from the leaves of Nerium oleander
Yuan-Lin Cao1, Meng-Han Zhang1, Yun-Fang Lu1
1Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
Abstract:
Six new cardenolides (1-6), including three 14-hydroxylated cardenolides and three 14-carbonylated cardenolides were isolated from the dried aerial parts of Nerium oleander Linn in addition to twenty-seven known compounds (7-33). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic evidences and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1, 4, 7-10 and 13 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against four colon cancer cell lines (HCT116, HT29, SW620, RKO), one gastric cancer cell line (GT) and one cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) in vitro.
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Leaving Groups
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.
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